(...o cuando las AP no leen íntegras las sentencias que invocan)
Como se ha comentado en repetidas ocasiones, la Ley 25/2007 de Conservación de Datos (LCD) establece que los datos de tráfico retenidos por los ISP se entregarán a los agentes facultados a través de la correspondiente autorización judicial con fines de detección, investigación y enjuiciamiento de delitos graves contemplados en el Código Penal o en las leyes penales especiales.
Como se ha comentado en repetidas ocasiones, la Ley 25/2007 de Conservación de Datos (LCD) establece que los datos de tráfico retenidos por los ISP se entregarán a los agentes facultados a través de la correspondiente autorización judicial con fines de detección, investigación y enjuiciamiento de delitos graves contemplados en el Código Penal o en las leyes penales especiales.
Frente al criterio, denominado penológico, de que delitos graves son solo aquellos que así establece el Código Penal, esto es lo que tienen una pena de más de 5 años de prisión, la jurisprudencia de las Audiencias Provinciales está señalando que el concepto de delitos graves no se refiere sólo a los delitos castigados con más de esa pena, sino que se deben tener en cuenta otras circunstancias como la importancia del bien jurídico protegido y la relevancia social de los hechos, amparándose en Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional (Sentencia TC 166/1999 o Sentencia TC 299/2000 (pdf))
Como digo, esta es la línea que en relación al concepto de delitos graves se va asentando en nuestra jurisprudencia menor.
Además, y dado que estos delitos tienen que ver con el empleo de medios informáticos, los juzgados añaden que dado que mediante el empleo de dichos instrumentos los daños pueden ser mayores e indeterminados y afectar a una generalidad de personas, este elemento tiene que considerarse también.
En apoyo de todos estos criterios para resolver que sí hay que entregar los datos identificativos de la persona que está tras una dirección IP se invoca, por ser la primera que tiene en cuenta los medios informáticos para evaluar la gravedad, la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 146/2006.
Esta sentencia que, como digo, es la base de la mayoría de resoluciones de las Audiencias Provinciales, establece que:
"En efecto, la trascendencia social y la relevancia jurídico-penal de los hechos, a efectos de legitimar el recurso a la limitación del derecho fundamental al secreto de las comunicaciones, deriva en el caso de la potencialidad lesiva del uso de instrumentos informáticos para la comisión del delito, pues no cabe duda de que la tecnología informática facilita la comisión de los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual [...]"
"En la ponderación de la proporcionalidad de la medida, en el caso concreto, ha de añadirse otro elemento consistente en las dificultades en la persecución del delito por otras vías como evidencia en el caso que las averiguaciones sobre el titular de la dirección de correo electrónico fueron infructuosas al ser falsos los datos que constaban en la empresa que gestionaba el mismo[...]"
Así pues, con este planteamiento, se está llegando a la conclusión de que el Tribunal Constitucional ha legitimado la entrega de la identificación del titular de la IP en casos de penas de menos de 5 años.
Sin embargo, uno de los problemas de los que adolece parte de nuestra jurisprudencia menor es que acaba repitiendo una idea, y los fundamentos que la sustentan, pero sin profundizar en la lectura íntegra de las sentencias citadas.
Así sucede en este caso.
Si continuamos la lectura de la 104/2006, llegamos al siguiente párrafo que, a mi juicio, desmonta por completo el criterio que quiere establecerse y nos reconduce a los términos previstos en la LCD:
No cabe duda de que la investigación de delitos constituye un fin constitucionalmente legítimo y así lo ha declarado este Tribunal (por todas SSTC 32/1994, de 31 de enero, FJ 5; 49/1999, de 5 de abril, FJ 8). Es igualmente indudable que es al legislador al que compete en primer término realizar el juicio de proporcionalidad efectuando "la delimitación de la naturaleza y gravedad de los hechos en virtud de cuya investigación puede acordarse" la intervención de las comunicaciones telefónicas, de modo que la ausencia de previsión expresa en la ley de este extremo ha sido considerado por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y por nuestra jurisprudencia un defecto relevante de la ley que ha de regular las condiciones de legitimidad de las intervenciones telefónicas (STEDH 18 de febrero de 2003, caso Prado Bugallo c. España, § 30; STC 184/2003, de 23 de octubre, FJ 5). Como declaramos en nuestra STC 184/2003, de 23 de octubre, FJ 8, hasta que la necesaria intervención del legislador se produzca, corresponde a este Tribunal suplir las insuficiencias legales precisando los requisitos que la Constitución exige para la legitimidad de las intervenciones telefónicas.
Es decir, el propio Tribunal Constitucional, en la misma sentencia y un par de párrafos después, señala que sus competencias no pueden suplir el criterio del legislador, que su intervención se produce en ausencia de legislación y para establecer un criterio en un conflicto de intereses (secreto de las comunicaciones-intimidad frente a la necesidad de perseguir delitos) sin regulación legal del mismo.
Sin embargo, en la LCD, SÍ hemos tenido ese desarrollo legal específico, por lo que procede un respeto estricto del principio de legalidad, habida cuenta de que la decisión del legislador fue consciente y justificada. Baste para ello acudir a las enmiendas y debates parlamentarios sobre el texto del artículo 1.
Otra cuestión sería que se considere que la LCD vulnera algún precepto constitucional o presenta algún conflicto con otros derechos, lo que podría dar lugar a una cuestión de constitucionalidad, pero a la luz de las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional mencionadas, lo que no puede es suplirse el criterio del legislador.
La sentecia a la que haces referencia es anterior a la LCD. 146/2006 Existen algunos autos de jugados de instrucción denegando peticiones de policía judicial por falta de proporcionalidad, los je visto frecuentemente
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