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jueves, 10 de marzo de 2016

La ilegalidad de usar los datos del móvil para completar el censo

Según se publica en "hoja de router" el Instituto Nacional de Estadística ha decidido desarrollar una prueba para incorporar al Censo información extraída de las antenas de telefonía móvil.

Todos los teléfonos móviles remiten constantemente información de conexión a las antenas que les rodean para poder indicar la ruta que una comunicación debe seguir para poder hablar.

Esto es lógico y es un requisito técnico necesario, por lo tanto, en todo momento las antenas "saben" qué teléfonos están en su radio de acción, lo que permite una localización bastante aproximada de donde se encuentra el portador de ese terminal (sea o no el titular de la línea).

Como digo, esto es algo que sucede todo el tiempo que el móvil está encendido, por lo que es fácil rastrear todos los movimientos de una persona.  

Si cualquiera pudiera hacer uso de toda esa información, es fácil imaginar el control que podría desplegar sobre los ciudadanos y sus movimientos.

La Ley 25/2007 se dictó en desarrollo de una Directiva Europea, que además está anulada desde 2014, para garantizar que los datos que se producían por esos requisitos técnicos no fuesen usados indiscriminadamente y que, dada su potencialidad para resultar en una grave intromisión en la intimidad de las personas, sólo se usasen en supuestos en que estuviese plenamente justificado.

Originariamente, se trataba de delitos graves. Así lo entendió la mayoría de los jueces en Europa, pero en España eso de los delitos graves "según se defina en las leyes penales" se interpretó en muchos juzgados como hago lo que me da la gana.

Es decir, que de sólo poder usarse para investigar delitos graves, en España pasó a usarse para todos los delitos e incluso, milagros de nuestro legislador, para ilícitos civiles contra la propiedad intelectual. Una vergüenza, pero que a la sociedad, en general, le da un poco igual.

"1. Esta Ley tiene por objeto la regulación de la obligación de los operadores de conservar los datos generados o tratados en el marco de la prestación de servicios de comunicaciones electrónicas o de redes públicas de comunicación, así como el deber de cesión de dichos datos a los agentes facultados siempre que les sean requeridos a través de la correspondiente autorización judicial con fines de detección, investigación y enjuiciamiento de delitos graves contemplados en el Código Penal o en las leyes penales especiales.
2. Esta Ley se aplicará a los datos de tráfico y de localización sobre personas físicas y jurídicas y a los datos relacionados necesarios para identificar al abonado o usuario registrado."
Es importante el subrayado del párrafo segundo, puesto que da igual que los datos que pida el censo no incluyan datos personales, los datos de tráfico son autónomos de los datos de identificación del titular, por eso se separan ambos supuestos.

Además hay que destacar que no es un problema de protección de datos (la LOPD sólo se aplica a los datos de personas físicas) por el que pueda darse un procedimiento de disociación. La LCD hace referencia incluso a los datos de personas jurídicas, evidenciando la importancia que toda la información recabada tiene y lo protegida que debería estar.

La LCD es clara respecto de las cesiones:
"1. Los datos conservados de conformidad con lo dispuesto en esta Ley sólo podrán ser cedidos de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en ella para los fines que se determinan y previa autorización judicial."
Es decir, que sólo pueden cederse los datos para los fines indicados de investigación de delito, en teoría, graves.

Así que esa cesión de datos, anonimizados o no, de tráfico cedidos al INE no cumple con los requisitos que marca la Ley. 

¿Podría darse una modificación legislativa?

En principio no veo compatible con la regulación europea, en particular el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, una modificación legal que habilite la cesión de ciertos datos para su uso estadístico, ya que la sensibilidad que ha demostrado el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea con la potencialidad lesiva de los mismos.

El TJUE es muy claro en el sentido de que se admite que se recopilen esos datos para unas finalidades muy concretas, pero un uso extensivo de los mismos iría contra las reglas del Convenio, lo que daría lugar a la anulación por contraría a derecho comunitario de cualquier modificación.

En definitiva, asistimos una vez más al lento pero sólido intento de establecer una sociedad en la que se haga todo lo que la tecnología permita, incluyendo el control total sobre el ciudadano.

Como digo, con el tema de los datos generados por las comunicaciones vamos viendo como se ha pasado de sólo para delitos graves a ahora pretender elaborar el censo con los datos obtenidos.

El problema es que falta consciencia política y social para abordar estos temas desde una perspectiva amplia de respeto a los derechos y libertades de los ciudadanos.

Y así seguiremos, inexorablemente hasta alcanzar "un mundo feliz" de "1984".

20 comentarios:

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